![]() New London: United States Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory. Submarine crew effectiveness during submerged missions of 60 or more days duration (Report No. Trumbull (Eds.), Psychological stress: Issues in research (pp. Patterns of psychophysiological responses to military stress. Hendler (Eds.), Unusual environments and human behavior (pp. Psychological problems of prolonged periods of marine submergence. ![]() Washington, DC: National Research Council. ![]() A survey report on human factors in undersea warfare. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Ĭommittee on Undersea Warfare. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Tending to improvise on this point was a bumper sticker frequently seen around New London, Connecticut, in the 1960s: “Nuke submariners do it deeper.” With the size of the nuke subs increasing from 300 ft in length and 3,200 displacement tons for World War II diesel subs to the length of 560 ft and 18,000 tons for the Trident came the requirement for an increase in crew size from 9 officers and 64 enlisted men to 16 and 148, respectively, for the Trident, the most recent sub to join the fleet. Moreover, “nukes,” as they are called, have a classified crush depth of at least 800 ft. Thus, in contrast to maximum submerged periods of 72 hr possible with World War II diesel subs, modern nuclear submarines such as the Nautilus and Triton have remained submerged for 60 to 90 days while transiting beneath the Arctic ice cap and circumnavigating the globe. ![]() Since oxygen is not necessary for the nuclear propulsion system, the submerged duration of the more than 40 nuclear-powered, ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) and the more than 100 nuclear attack submarines (SSNs) now operational is limited only by the amount of food, oxygen, and vital essentials that the “sub” is able to transport, synthesize, or manufacture. Launched in 1954, the Nautilus, the first nuclear submarine, ushered in a new era in the history of submersible vehicles. ![]()
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